Middle Eastern States

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict's origins can date back to World War 1. As the end of World War 1 approached, the League of Nations made an agreement with Arab states and the Ottoman Empire. This was called the Sykes-Picots agreement. This agreement, however, was broken within the next year. On November 2nd 1917, the Balfour Declaration was signed, giving Jewish support for their own land, and that land was Palestine. Zionist movements soon occurred, bringing Jews to their holy land in Jerusalem. Later, the League of Nations mandated Palestine, establishing Palestine as a Jewish homeland. Riots began from the Palestinians and battles began. Through terrorism and death, the land is still being fought over today.
To solve this conflict, the Palestinian/Israeli state needs to be split in half, the border running through Jerusalem. This would give each of the sides their holy land to worship. Also, each side will have an equal amount of water ways to work with. If this sets even more problems, the United Nations should ask each unbiased country (ie. not U.S or not any Arab state) what should be done in order to stop these states from fighting.

Intellectuals in Czarist Russia

During the late 1800's a small class of highly educated thinkers and students, called intellectuals, populated in Russia. These intellectuals would talk about ways to modernize Russia through making new ideas and sharing their meaning of Russia. At first intellectuals were made up of nobility who played an active part in government, but later intellectual groups were revolutionaries who were political activists. Intellectuals worked to change Russian society by brainstorming a new democracy and pushing industrialization. Because not all intellectuals agreed on a set way to change Russia, two groups were made: the Westerners who wanted to westernize and the slavophiles who focused on Russia's past. Then, another two groups of intellectuals formed through middle class people because czarist nobility abused their power. These groups were called the populists and marxists. Populists thought czars and nobility have exploited the peasants while marxist believed that lower class would overthrow the upper class. It was not very easy to being about the changes intellectuals wanted. Factos such as government policies, Siberia exilations, and campaigns of terror held everybody back.

Revolution or Not?

The idea of revolution would probably be supported by intellectuals because they wanted a change in Russia, and revolution would bring that. Also, most intellectuals thought that Russian czars abused their power so overthrowing them would be a good idea.

Imperialism Motives

Summary - Though colonial empires dated back hundreds of years, the rapid drive for colonies at the end of the nineteenth century led Europe to gain political control of most of Asia and Africa. From 1880-1914 European nations scrambled to divide among themselves the entire continent of Africa, except Liberia and Ethiopia. Once European nations carved up empires, they quickly set up colonial governments to rule them and systems to make them profitable. European imperialism brought modern inventions and techniques of the Industrial Revolution to the non-European world, but to peoples in Africa and Asia Western expansion represented a profoundly disruptive attack on their society.

Imperialism was originally made to extend a mother country's power and control to another smaller, less educated territory. A few nations that adopted imperialism are Egypt, Union of South Africa, Mozambique, and Nigeria.First, the Scramble for Africa started, which was basically where Europeans would go and conquer any nation they want, and this greatly changed African's cultures and way of living. Because of the results of the Scramble for Africa, the Berlin Conference was set up, and at the conference Europeans divided Africa into separate colonies. Although there were written rules for claiming a country, many of the different languages and culture were destroyed during the divide. Next, the Zulu nation had been shaken with wars throughout the years of imperialism, and a chief named Shaka tried to stop these wars. Shaka used a group of disciplined warriors and created his own, centralized state. This state stayed strong while Shaka was ruling, however his succesors were unable to keep it together. The troops marched in with shields and spears and tried to defeat an attacking Britain, but the Zulus lost to the might of Britain. This battle was called the Battle of Ulundi. Britain, like many other European states, used motives such as religion, economy, and. First, missionaries were trying to spread christianity and other religions into the African's culture. For example, Methodist preachers went around Africa teaching about morals, values, and educating people of their cultures. Secondly, people performed back breaking labor for a low price of money. These Africans would bring huge boxes of tea and huge bags of grain, stacking them in pyramids sometimes, and they would do all this labor for a price people received during the Industrial Revolution.

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Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution, term usually applied to the social and economic changes that mark the transition from a stable agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society relying on complex machinery rather than tools.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

The industrial revolution began in Britain because it had all the factors of production. The first factor of production Britain had was LAND. Land provides natural resources such as gold, oil, water, and lumber. The second factor of production Britain had was LABOR. Labor is the human effort used in production, and this human effort is based on the population. Third, CAPITAL was in abudance which means there was not only a lot of money, but there was many tools/goods used in production. Next, there was a high DEMAND for products. Since the demand was so high, the prices raised. TECHNOLOGY became more and more advanced through the years, and Britain made many advances in technology such as railroads. Lastly, INFRASTRUCTURE was built and advanced during this period. The basic physical systems, such as roads, railways, and canals supported the high population of the community.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

L'Ouverture was a Haitian Revolution leader. From 1791-1804 Ouverture fought for the freedom of Haitian slaves. Born a slave, Toussaint grew up in Haiti, a colony of France in the Carribean Sea. Even though he was a slave, Toussaint became educated and liked the enlightenment ideas he learned about. These ideas gave him the want for freedom and rights for the slaves of Haiti. Toussaint led a revolt in 1791-1798 which consisted of over 100,000 enslaved Africans. Then, in 1801, Toussaint seezed control of the entire island of Haiti and freedom was given to the slaves of Haiti. Toussaint was soon accused by the French in 1802 and then sent to the French Alps where he soon died in 1803. Because of Toussaint, Haiti became a republic and non-slave nation.

Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte was a powerful force in Europe from 1799 to 1815. He rose from the ranks of the French army to become the emperor of France. By 1812 he had control of most of Europe. Unfortunately, he met his demise when he attempted to invade Russia. His downfall was almost as swift as his rise to power.

1. Napoleon was a strong powerful character. In most people's eyes he was a hero and some people even adopted his name (Napoleon) as their own. Napoleon had a positive affect on Europe, spreading his empire as far as Russia. Napoelon also had respect for people he conquered, threatening that he will kill anyone who treated conquered people harshly. The church was also brought back into power under Napoleon's rule.

French Revolution

The French Revolution is defined as the political upheaval of world importance that began in France in 1789. Inspired by the success of the American Revolution, French citizens overthrew the noble, ruling class and establish a democratic government. The French monarchy under Louis XVI was viewed as oppressive and corrupt and the social structure was rigid, meaning it did not allow for social mobility which eventually forced the people to demand change.

1. The main reason the French revolted was because of the high taxes the king was collecting.

2. The enlightenment philosophers wrote about freedoms and rights that people should naturally have. Because of this, people thought they were getting treated unfairly and wanted the enlightenment rights, thus sparking the revolution.

3. The French Revolution was a success because the middle class recieved lower taxes and King Louis was executed.